Abstract
Indonesia, an island nation as large as continental Europe, hosts a sizeable proportion of global human diversity, yet remains surprisingly undercharacterized genetically. Here, we substantially expand on existing studies by reporting genome-scale data for nearly 500 individuals from 25 populations in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Oceania, notably including previously unsampled islands across the Indonesian archipelago. We use high-resolution analyses of haplotype diversity to reveal fine detail of regional admixture patterns, with a particular focus on the Holocene. We find that recent population history within Indonesia is complex, and that populations from the Philippines made important genetic contributions in the early phases of the Austronesian expansion. Different, but interrelated processes, acted in the east and west. The Austronesian migration took several centuries to spread across the eastern part of the archipelago, where genetic admixture postdates the archeological signal. As with the Neolithic expansion further east in Oceania and in Europe, genetic mixing with local inhabitants in eastern Indonesia lagged behind the arrival of farming populations. In contrast, western Indonesia has a more complicated admixture history shaped by interactions with mainland Asian and Austronesian newcomers, which for some populations occurred more than once. Another layer of complexity in the west was introduced by genetic contact with South Asia and strong demographic events in isolated local groups.
Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence all point to Taiwan as the most likely origin of expanding AN speakers, whose demic spread began 2500–2000 BCE (Gray etal. 2009; Bellwood 2014; Ko etal. 2014). Whether these people were strict agriculturalists or practiced a more complex range of subsistence strategies remains unclear (Blench 2012), but the Neolithic items that appeared at this time include specific red-slipped pottery, stone barkcloth beaters, new types of stone adzes, and widely traded tools and ornaments made from eastern Taiwanese nephrite. The Austronesian expansion spread rapidly across ISEA, reaching the Philippines by 2000–1500 BCE, and Borneo and Sulawesi by 1500–1000 BCE. Present in western Melanesia by 1350–750 BCE, it was followed by the settlement of the remote and previously uninhabited islands of the Pacific Ocean (Bellwood 2014).
Although this broad history is now well known, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the Neolithic transition in ISEA was more complex than a simple movement of genes, languages, and technology solely out of Taiwan. PreAustronesian linguistic substrates in Indonesia show influences from mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) (Blench 2010), and domesticated pigs also likely spread from the mainland to the islands (Larson etal. 2007). New Guinea, an independent domestication center focused on fruits and tubers, was itself an important hub for innovation, with new cultivars such as bananas spreading from east to west (Denham and Donohue 2009; Spriggs 2012).
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/
Indonesia, an island nation as large as continental Europe, hosts a sizeable proportion of global human diversity, yet remains surprisingly undercharacterized genetically. Here, we substantially expand on existing studies by reporting genome-scale data for nearly 500 individuals from 25 populations in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Oceania, notably including previously unsampled islands across the Indonesian archipelago. We use high-resolution analyses of haplotype diversity to reveal fine detail of regional admixture patterns, with a particular focus on the Holocene. We find that recent population history within Indonesia is complex, and that populations from the Philippines made important genetic contributions in the early phases of the Austronesian expansion. Different, but interrelated processes, acted in the east and west. The Austronesian migration took several centuries to spread across the eastern part of the archipelago, where genetic admixture postdates the archeological signal. As with the Neolithic expansion further east in Oceania and in Europe, genetic mixing with local inhabitants in eastern Indonesia lagged behind the arrival of farming populations. In contrast, western Indonesia has a more complicated admixture history shaped by interactions with mainland Asian and Austronesian newcomers, which for some populations occurred more than once. Another layer of complexity in the west was introduced by genetic contact with South Asia and strong demographic events in isolated local groups.
Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence all point to Taiwan as the most likely origin of expanding AN speakers, whose demic spread began 2500–2000 BCE (Gray etal. 2009; Bellwood 2014; Ko etal. 2014). Whether these people were strict agriculturalists or practiced a more complex range of subsistence strategies remains unclear (Blench 2012), but the Neolithic items that appeared at this time include specific red-slipped pottery, stone barkcloth beaters, new types of stone adzes, and widely traded tools and ornaments made from eastern Taiwanese nephrite. The Austronesian expansion spread rapidly across ISEA, reaching the Philippines by 2000–1500 BCE, and Borneo and Sulawesi by 1500–1000 BCE. Present in western Melanesia by 1350–750 BCE, it was followed by the settlement of the remote and previously uninhabited islands of the Pacific Ocean (Bellwood 2014).
Although this broad history is now well known, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the Neolithic transition in ISEA was more complex than a simple movement of genes, languages, and technology solely out of Taiwan. PreAustronesian linguistic substrates in Indonesia show influences from mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) (Blench 2010), and domesticated pigs also likely spread from the mainland to the islands (Larson etal. 2007). New Guinea, an independent domestication center focused on fruits and tubers, was itself an important hub for innovation, with new cultivars such as bananas spreading from east to west (Denham and Donohue 2009; Spriggs 2012).
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/
No comments:
Post a Comment