Dec. 10, 2008
Etgar Lefkovits , THE JERUSALEM POST
A deluge that swept the Land of Israel more than 7,000 years ago,
submerging six Neolithic villages opposite the Carmel Mountains, is
the origin of the biblical flood of Noah, a British marine
archeologist said Tuesday.
The new theory about the source of the great flood detailed in the
Book of Genesis comes amid continuing controversy among scholars over
whether the inundation of the Black Sea more than seven millennia ago
was the biblical flood.
In the theory posited by British marine archeologist Dr. Sean Kingsley
and published in the Bulletin of the Anglo-Israeli Archaeological
Society, the drowning of the Carmel Mountains villages - which include
houses, temples, graves, water wells, workshops and stone tools - is
by far "the most compelling" archeological evidence exposed to date
for Noah's flood.
"What's more convincing scientifically, a flood in the Black Sea, so
far away from Israel and the fantasy of a supposed ark marooned on the
slopes of Mount Ararat, or six submerged Neolithic villages smack-bang
in the middle of the Bible Land?" Kingsley said in a telephone
interview with The Jerusalem Post.
He added that the site, which has been excavated by Israeli
archeologist Dr. Ehud Galili over the last quarter-century, offers a
"pretty convincing cocktail of coincidences," including submerged
layers of villages in a critical location, and one that was known for
its nautical revolution.
But Galili rejected Kingsley's theory, saying Tuesday that it could
not be true.
"Based on our archeological finds, the village was not abandoned due
to a catastrophic event, but due to the slow rise of sea levels which
occurred all over the world," he said. "The pace of the increase in
the sea level was very slow, so that it would not be significant
enough for people to remember it in the course of their lifetime."
Galili noted that, following the major tsunami that hit Asia, there
was a scientific trend in the world to hunt for mega-disasters that
happened in the past.
"We did not find any proofs which indicate that a tsunami or other
such catastrophe flooded the villages, even though there are proofs
that a tsunami did occur in the Mediterranean Sea," he said.
Kingsley, a self-declared atheist, said he had begun studying the
origins of Noah's flood five years ago as a result of his interest
into "how mythologies came into existence," as well as a desire to
connect the biblical story with global warming.
The alternate theory that the inundation of the Black Sea around 5,600
BCE was the source of the biblical flood is called into question by
the fact that no villages, houses, cemeteries or graves have ever been
found under its waves, Kingsley said.
Scholars agree the Black Sea flooded when rising world sea levels
caused the Mediterranean to burst over land, turning the freshwater
lake into a saltwater sea. The flood was so monstrous that it raised
water levels by 155 meters and submerged up to 150,000 square
kilometers of land.
But scholars are divided on when the flood occurred, and how rapidly.
Most believe it took place about 9,000 years ago and was gradual.
The date of the massive flooding on the Carmel Coast, which Kingsley
estimates to have taken place between the sixth and fifth millennia
BCE, is another unknown.
"The precise timing of this localized flooding is still being worked
out, but there is no doubt that the villages of the Carmel were lost
not to earthquakes or tectonic movements but to killer waves,"
Kingsley said.
The lost villages cluster opposite the Carmel Mountains in depths of
12 meters. Atlit-Yam, 10 meters south of Haifa, is the largest
submerged Neolithic village in the Mediterranean Sea.
Kingsley's theory about the origin of Noah's flood, an independent
archeologist said, is interesting but dubious.
"Whether or not one can make a direct link between the biblical story
and the submerged Neolithic sites is doubtful," said Prof. Shimon
Gibson, an archeologist with the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte. "But it does show that episodes of substantial flooding did
occur in these parts of the world and that that kind of fear would
have existed within the cultural conscientiousness [sic] of ancient
peoples.
"The bottom line," he concluded, "is that overall evidence of [a]
world submerged in flood does not exist."
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