By Sandeep Sahu
Bhubaneswar
Indian archaeologists say they have found remains which point to the
existence of a city about 7,000 years old in eastern India.
The remains have been discovered at Sisupalgarh near Bhubaneswar,
capital of the eastern state of Orissa.
Researchers say the items found during the excavation point to a
highly developed urban settlement.
The population of the city could have been in the region of 20,000 to
25,000, the archaeologists claim.
The excavations include 18 stone pillars, pottery, terracotta
ornaments and bangles, finger rings, ear spools and pendants made of
clay.
But some historians and archaeologists in Orissa have expressed
reservations about the claim of the researchers - they say it is too
early to say anything about the population or periodicity of the area.
'Significance'
RK Mohanty of the department of archaeology, Deccan College, Pune, who
is one of the two researchers involved in the excavations.
"The significance of this ancient city becomes clear when one bears in
mind the fact that the population of classical Athens was barely
10,000," he said.
Mr Mohanty, along with Monica Smith of the Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology, University of California, has been carrying out limited
excavations at the site every year since 2005 with the permission of
the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
The latest round of excavations ended last Monday and the new
discoveries have been covered with special plastic material and earth
to preserve them before further digging is taken up in subsequent
years.
The first excavations at the site were carried out by Prof BB Lal as
far back as in 1948.
On the basis of the architectural pattern and artefacts discovered
during the early excavations, Prof Lal concluded that this fort city
flourished between 3rd century BC and 4th century AD.
On the basis of the new findings, Ms Smith and Mr Mohanty claim that
the fortified city flourished from around 5th century BC and probably
lasted well after the 4th century.
"We have employed geophysical survey, systematic surface collections
and selected excavations in the 4.8km perimeter of the fortified area
and studied individual houses and civic as well as domestic
architecture to arrive at the figure of 25,000," said Ms Smith.
"If anything, it is a conservative estimate."
'Guesswork'
But some historians and archaeologists in Orissa have expressed
reservations about the claim of the two researchers.
"At best, it is a guesswork. Without excavating the entire area of the
fortified city, it is not possible to determine its population or
periodicity," said BK Rath, former director of the state archaeology
department.
"The actual area excavated so far is only a minuscule part of the
city. How does one determine the size of the average family in a
period about which very little historical literature or evidence is
available?
"Besides, the comparison with Athens is odious since it was not a
fortified city like Sisupalgarh," he said.
Mr Rath, however, gives credit to Ms Smith and Mr Mohanty for having
focussed attention on the problem of encroachment that is threatening
to engulf a large part of the fortified city.
The major portion of the land that constitutes the ancient city is in
private possession making an archaeological study difficult.
Besides, several urban settlements have sprung up in the vicinity of
the area in the last few years owing to its proximity to the city of
Bhubaneswar.
With a view to preserving this important archaeological site for
future research, the ASI is now contemplating asking the state
government for control over the land.
Lost
"This way, we can prevent further encroachment and develop the site as
a tourist attraction," said BR Mani, a senior ASI official.
There is also some concern about the preservation of the material
which has been found during the excavation.
Well-known historian Karuna Sagar Behera voiced serious concern over
the preservation of material unearthed from the site.
"Its is a shame that some gold coins and terracotta pottery found at
the place during the first excavation in the late 1940s were
subsequently lost," he said.
"Measures should be taken to ensure that all the material excavated
are properly preserved for future research."
The project is being supported by the National Science Foundation of
India, the National Geographic Society and the Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology, California.
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