The study of prehistoric fiction and fact, and the application of Archeo/Anthropological Criticism to works in "speculative" genres. Joe Lyon Layden is the author of The Oracle of Lost Sagas (2017) and the leader of The Looters Revue Show.
Tuesday, March 29, 2016
Maps of my Upcoming Novel and Game World: Updated
Joe Lyon Layden is a prehistoric fiction author and primitive musician. To receive a free copy of this entire novella "The Man from Parkho Khatune Bears Favor," as well as three free songs and monthly updates, freebies, and discounts on Joe's ongoing work, please sign up for the newsletter below.
Nasal cavities
Human ancestors explored 'out of Africa' despite impaired nasal faculties
In humans inhaled air is conditioned poorly in the nasal cavity in
comparison with primates, such as chimpanzees and macaques, according
a recent study published in PLOS Computational Biology. Unlike our
protruding external nose, which has little effect on improving air
conditioning performance, other hominins (including
australopithecines) were endowed with flat nasal features and
faculties to improve air conditioning.
The study, produced by Dr Takeshi Nishimura from Kyoto University and
colleagues, is the first investigation of nasal air conditioning in
nonhuman hominoids based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
The human nasal passage conditions inhaled air in terms of temperature
and humidity to match the conditions required in the lung.
Insufficient conditioning can damage the tissues in the respiratory
system and impair respiratory performance, thereby undermining health
and increasing the likelihood of death.
Our ancestors, the genus Homo, diversified under the fluctuating
climate of the Plio-Pleistocene, to be flat-faced with a short nasal
cavity and a protruding external nose, as seen in modern humans.
Anatomical variation in nasal region is believed to be evolutionarily
sensitive to the ambient atmospheric conditions of a given habitat, but
the nasal anatomy of early Homo was not sensitive to the ambient
atmosphere conditions. The inhaled air can be fully conditioned
subsequently in the pharyngeal cavity, which was lengthened in early
Homo.
... These linked changes in the nasal and pharyngeal regions would in
part have contributed to how flat-faced Homo members must have survived
fluctuations in climate, before they moved "Out of Africa" in the Early
Pleistocene to explore the more severe climates and ecological
environments of Eurasia.
http://journals.plos.org/
Impaired Air Conditioning within the Nasal Cavity in Flat-Faced Homo
Abstract
We are flat-faced hominins with an external nose that protrudes from
the face. This feature was derived in the genus Homo, along with facial
flattening and reorientation to form a high nasal cavity. The nasal
passage conditions the inhaled air in terms of temperature and humidity
to match the conditions required in the lung, and its anatomical
variation is believed to be evolutionarily sensitive to the ambient
atmospheric conditions of a given habitat. In this study, we used
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with three-dimensional topology models
of the nasal passage under the same simulation conditions, to investigate
air-conditioning performance in humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. The
CFD simulation showed a horizontal straight flow of inhaled air in
chimpanzees and macaques, contrasting with the upward and curved flow in
humans. The inhaled air is conditioned poorly in humans compared with
nonhuman primates. Virtual modifications to the human external nose
topology, in which the nasal vestibule and valve are modified to resemble
those of chimpanzees, change the airflow to be horizontal, but have
little influence on the air-conditioning performance in humans. These
findings suggest that morphological variation of the nasal passage
topology was only weakly sensitive to the ambient atmosphere conditions;
rather, the high nasal cavity in humans was formed simply by evolutionary
facial reorganization in the divergence of Homo from the other hominin
lineages, impairing the air-conditioning performance. Even though the
inhaled air is not adjusted well within the nasal cavity in humans, it
can be fully conditioned subsequently in the pharyngeal cavity, which
is lengthened in the flat-faced Homo. Thus, the air-conditioning faculty
in the nasal passages was probably impaired in early Homo members,
although they have survived successfully under the fluctuating climate
of the Plio-Pleistocene, and then they moved “Out of Africa” to explore
the more severe climates of Eurasia.
Author Summary
This is the first investigation of nasal air conditioning in nonhuman
hominoids based on computational fluid dynamics with digital topological
models of the nasal passage made using medical imaging. Our comparative
results of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques show that the inhaled air
is conditioned poorly in humans compared with nonhuman primates. We also
show that our protruding external nose has little effect on improving
air conditioning. The nasal anatomy in Homo was weakly sensitive to the
ambient atmosphere conditions in evolution, but was formed passively by
facial reorganization in this genus. Even though the inhaled air is not
adjusted well within the nasal cavity in humans, it can be fully
conditioned subsequently in the pharyngeal cavity, which is lengthened in
flat-faced Homo. Thus, despite an impaired air-conditioning conformation
in the nasal passages, Homo members must have survived successfully under
the fluctuating climate of the Plio-Pleistocene, and then they moved “Out
of Africa” in the Early Pleistocene to explore the more severe climates
and ecological environments of Eurasia.
Nasal cavities
Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley
New fossils from Kenya suggest that an early hominid species —
Australopithecus afarensis — lived far eastward beyond the Great Rift
Valley and much farther than previously thought. An international team
of paleontologists led by Emma Mbua of Mount Kenya University and
Masato Nakatsukasa of Kyoto University report findings of fossilized
teeth and forearm bone from an adult male and two infant A. afarensis
from an exposure eroded by the Kantis River in Ongata-Rongai, a
settlement in the outskirts of Nairobi.
"So far, all other A. afarensis fossils had been identified from
the center of the Rift Valley," explains Nakatsukasa. "A previous
Australopithecus bahrelghazali discovery in Chad confirmed that
our hominid ancestor's distribution covered central Africa, but
this was the first time an Australopithecus fossil has been found
east of the Rift Valley. This has important implications for what
we understand about our ancestor's distribution range, namely that
Australopithecus could have covered a much greater area by this
age."
...
Stable isotope analysis revealed that the Kantis region was humid,
but had a plain-like environment with fewer trees compared to other
sites in the Great Rift Valley where A. afaransis fossils had
previously appeared. "The hominid must have discovered suitable
habitats in the Kenyan highlands. It seems that A. afaransis was
good at adapting to varying environments," notes Nakatsukasa.
...
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the
Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract
Most Plio-Pleistocene sites in the Gregory Rift Valley that have
yielded abundant fossil hominins lie on the Rift Valley floor. Here
we report a new Pliocene site, Kantis, on the shoulder of the
Gregory Rift Valley, which extends the geographical range of
Australopithecus afarensis to the highlands of Kenya. This species,
known from sites in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and possibly Kenya, is
believed to be adapted to a wide spectrum of habitats, from open
grassland to woodland. The Kantis fauna is generally similar to that
reported from other contemporaneous A. afarensis sites on the Rift
Valley floor. However, its faunal composition and stable carbon
isotopic data from dental enamel suggest a stronger C4 environment
than that present at those sites. Although the Gregory Rift Valley
has been the focus of paleontologists' attention for many years,
surveys of the Rift shoulder may provide new perspective on African
Pliocene mammal and hominin evolution.
-Thanks to Rick Trasky for these articles.
Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley
"Siberian Unicorn" Went Extinct Much Later Than We Thought
"Siberian Unicorn" Went Extinct Much Later Than We Thought
Saturday, March 26, 2016
Study Casts New Light on Diseases We Inherited from Neanderthals -
http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/study-casts-new-light-diseases-we-inherited-neanderthals-005344
Study Casts New Light on Diseases We Inherited from Neanderthals -
Friday, March 25, 2016
Is white-clawed bear thought to be extinct really alive?
Is white-clawed bear thought to be extinct really alive? Mysterious giant paw prints suggest animal may be roaming remote Siberian mountains
- Saylyugem bear has been sighted since the end of the 1980s
- Back then there were about 70 of the animals living in remote Siberia
- The animals resemble Russian brown bears, but have white claws
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3076920/Is-white-clawed-bear-thought-extinct-really-alive-Mysterious-giant-paw-prints-suggest-animal-roaming-remote-Siberian-mountains.html#ixzz43vkGWJLP
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Is white-clawed bear thought to be extinct really alive?
Going underground
Going underground
https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2016/03/04/going-underground/
Going underground
Tuesday, March 15, 2016
6 Wrong Ways to Write About Horses
Month9Books). Weavil turned her early obsession with reading into a
career as a librarian. After obtaining a B.A. in Theatre from the University
of Virginia, she continued her education by receiving a Masters in Library
Science and a M.A. in Liberal Studies. She is currently the Library
Director for a performing and visual arts university. Follow her on Twitter.
6 Wrong Ways to Write About Horses
Scientists May Have Just Discovered a Parallel Universe Leaking Into Ours
Scientists May Have Just Discovered a Parallel Universe Leaking Into Ours
Study Finds That Psilocybin Creates A Hyperconnected Brain
Study Finds That Psilocybin Creates A Hyperconnected Brain
Wednesday, March 9, 2016
Rock (Art) of Ages: Indonesian Cave Paintings Are 40,000 Years Old
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rockart-ages-indonesian-cave-paintings-are-40000-years-old-180952970/#FkQ7gaK3PmaCRRSd.99
Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGvFollow us: @SmithsonianMag on TwitterFor now, all we know is when the caves were painted—or at least ballpark dates—and the finding suggests that the practice of lining cave walls with pictures of natural life was common 40,000 years ago. A study published today in Nature suggests that paintings in the Maros-Pangkep caves range from 17,400 to 39,900 years old, close to the age of similar artwork found on the walls of caves in Europe.
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rockart-ages-indonesian-cave-paintings-are-40000-years-old-180952970/#FkQ7gaK3PmaCRRSd.99
Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv
Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter
Rock (Art) of Ages: Indonesian Cave Paintings Are 40,000 Years Old
Sunday, March 6, 2016
High Neanderthal Ancestry in Ust’-Ishim Man
School has recovered and sequenced the DNA from a thighbone of a male
hunter-gatherer who lived in what is now Siberia 45,000 years ago.
...
The sequence revealed that the bone came from an anatomically modern human,
a man whose remains are the oldest ever found and carbon-dated outside of
Africa and the Middle East.
Comparison to diverse humans around the world today showed that the
Ust’-Ishim man was a member of one of the most ancient non-African
populations.
“The ancient Siberian was related equally to West European hunter-gatherers,
North Asian hunter-gatherers, East Asians, and the indigenous people of the
Andaman Islands off South Asia,” said Dr Fu, who is the first author of a
paper published in the journal Nature.
“The fact that this population separated so early indicates that theories
of an early split of people who followed a coastal route to Australia, New
Guinea, and coastal Asia are not strongly supported by this data.”
...
The scientists also obtained a high-resolution estimate of the mutation
rate in humans.
Previous studies had given scientists evidence of two possible rates, one
twice as fast as the other. Because of this large range, dates obtained
from genetic research have tended to be quite uncertain.
By measuring the number of mutations missing in the Ust’-Ishim man and
comparing with people now, the scientists obtained an accurate estimate
of the rate that mutations accumulated over time. They revealed a slower
mutation rate, corresponding to between one to two mutations per genome
per year.
...
“Instead of humans and Neanderthals becoming distinct offshoots sometime
between 270,000 and 380,000 years ago, for example, the slower rate would
put that shift much further back in time, between 550,000 and 770,000
years ago.”
“Similarly, the slower rate pushes back estimates for the date of the
separation of African and non-African populations.”
The slow mutation rates indicate that the present-day subdivisions among
human populations date back to almost 200,000 years ago, well before the
period around 50,000 years ago when the archaeological record documents
art and new styles of tool-making.
...
The researchers also found that about 2.3 percent of the Ust’-Ishim man’s
genome came from Neanderthals.
The genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are substantially longer than
those observed in present-day individuals, indicating that Neanderthal gene
flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred 7,000-13,000 years
before he lived (i.e. 58,000-52,000 years ago – a much tighter window than
the previous range of between 37,000 and 86,000 years ago).
... http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/full/nature13810.html http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/science-genome-45000-year-old-siberian-man-02227.html
High Neanderthal Ancestry in Ust’-Ishim Man
Mysterious 'Population Y' May Have Bred with Amazonia Peoples
Mysterious 'Population Y' May Have Bred with Amazonia Peoples
Thursday, March 3, 2016
Update on the Bilbo Mound
* Discussion of "blue clay" ...Maya Blue/ Haint Blue connection anyone?
* Discussion of pile-driven houses in marshlands and estuaries circa 8000 - 10,000 B.C. in the "Discussion and Conclusion" sections. This is classic Nusantao cultural behavior! The "Sea Gypsies" and "Sea Dayaks" of South-East Asia still practice pile driving midden culture today...you know those expert Sea-Farers with all the Microcephalin D and Y Haplogroup T?
*This culture used "Swamp Cane" like the Southeast Asians use bamboo in order to build walkways and dwellings over the middens.
The paper also says that the Native Americans were storing the blue clay in pits lined with a ceramic for later trade, like rectangular coolers embedded in the middens.
The first episode of cable T.V.'s "America Unearthed" centered around Georgian polygorskite in Mexican "Maya Blue," as well as the mesoamerican terraces of N.E. Georgia and a Native American skeleton with an elongated skull in south-central Georgia.
Many fringe theorists have made speculative claims about the similarities between advanced "dawn"civilizations, but everything from the banana to the pig seems to have its genetic roots in South East Asia.
Only a cloistered scientist without any street-smarts could propose such a notion. It requires a belief in a Universal Mind, Rupert Sheldrake's 'Morphic Field," or a particularly psychic and timely sort of cultural convergent evolution in order to even entertain the idea.
But why are the "fringe scientists" looking for a source in little green men? We don't have the skeleton of a little green man... but we have the skeleton of a Shanidar Neanderthal.
We have the skulls of Nusantao priests and sailors. We find them wherever we find megaliths, Y Haplogroup T, high concentrations of Microcephalin D and ASPM D, as well as cranial deformation, non-tonal languages,and Denisovan introgression.
And sure enough, cranial deformation is a practice known from the coastal areas of Georgia within the "Mesoamerican-influenced" early shell-ring cultures and related tribes in Florida.
Update: The good news- Though there is a map of several vandal pits contained in the paper, the Bilbo Mound is at least 70% intact! A barbed wire fence has been built around it, and pictures of the inside show that it is largely unaffected by the outer litter. Good job, archeologists dudes! I still think the outside should be cleaned up for pest control reasons, however.
Update II: Archeologists from Georgia Southern university have confirmed to me that though the culture of the Woodland and Archaic periods in the South-East was unlike any other in North America, there are other examples of stilt-house midden-dwellings in Florida's related Native American cultures.
Update III: The City of Savannah is now proposing a widening of the "Bilbo Canal," an act which might endanger the Bilbo Mound. We have been working with archeologists at several universities to ensure that this doesn't happen and that the site and effigy are recognized.
2009 Bilbo delta report
Note: Richard Thornton says that "Haint Blue" is made from buttermilk, fermented lime, and indigo and is lighter than haint blue. I would still like to test some, as there are a few really dark examples here in Savannah.
Joe Lyon Layden is a prehistoric fiction author and primitive musician. To receive a free copy of this entire novella "The Man from Parkho Khatune Bears Favor," as well as three free songs and monthly updates, freebies, and discounts on Joe's ongoing work, please sign up for the newsletter below.
Update on the Bilbo Mound